العلاج بالمورثات

النسخة الإنكليزية

Faculty of Agricultural Engineering
Scientific research in molecular biology article, entitled
Therapy "genes"
Prepared by Kinan Ghazi Berger

Supervision: Prof. Dr. Wafaa Schumann
"Head of Basic Science at the Faculty of Agricultural Engineering"


Seminar outline
• 1 - Overview of Genetic Engineering
• 2 - a brief history of genetic engineering, genetic modification
• 3 - uses of genetic engineering "gene therapy"
• 4 - how to apply the genetic modification
• 5 - some cases of gene therapy
• a - - treatment of hemophilia genetically
• B - Treatment of Thalassemia
• c - Treatment of cancer genetically
D - treat baldness genetically
6 - the use of modification in the extraction of vaccines from plants
7 - Genome Project Space therapeutic
8 - the pros and cons of gene therapy
9 - the development of biotechnology in the Arab World
10 - References


An overview of genetic engineering
Genetic Engineering: The termn given to the technical change of genes (genes) located within the body of the organism.
contain cells of all livingn things on the set of these genes carry information that determines the properties and chemical attributes of this object. Scientists have been able to by changing the genes of an organism give the object's different attributes and grandchildren.


Applications of biotechnology and genetic engineering
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applications in various fieldsn of life:
- The pharmaceutical industry: the production of medicines
- Medicine: Diagnosis and treatment of diseases
- Agriculture: The production of plants resistant to salinity, drought and diseases
- Environment: Ashaddam genetically modified organisms to reduce pollution
- Food industry

* About Us *

The origins of biotechnologyn currently known to several thousands of years, and prior knowledge of human microbes responsible for these activities well in advance.
The ancient Egyptians knew asn well as Chinese and Indians and other food and fermentation processes used in the preparation of bread, cheese and others.
They also voted overwhelminglyn for plants and animals, high agricultural productivity. And Hjnoa strains to achieve breakthroughs in production using the traditional methods of genetics.

The last decade has witnessedn the emergence of advanced technologies significantly improved the efficiency of traditional biotechnology in the areas of traditional agriculture, fermentation, waste treatment, pharmaceutical industry, health care
called modern techniques suchn as "genetic engineering" and technical control in the DNA synthetic.
started the revolution ofn biotechnology and genetic engineering 1953, who discovered the installation of the genetic material (DNA) methods for scientists and Watson - Crick
The geneticists Americans firstn developed techniques to isolate genes and grafts in the early seventies of the twentieth century. At the end of that era researchers used the technique (DNA) Recombinant engineered bacteria genetically engineered to produce small amounts of insulin and topical interferon.

With the beginning of then eighties of the twentieth century has been to adapt the means of genetic engineering to produce large quantities of both articles. It was the product of insulin-treated bacteria genetically engineered the first drug product in that way the authorities in the United States its use in 1982.
Scientists and enter the 1987 Murtha of a cell of bacteria in the tomato plant has enabled him to resist Alisaria.
has been granted in the Unitedn States the first patent the production of plants genetically engineered in 1986, a class of wheat with high nutritional value. Also also awarded in the United States of America in 1988, the first patent the production of animal genetically engineered so as to strain of mice used in cancer research.



How genetic modification

1 - isolation of the desiredn gene: isolation is through the identification of the desired gene introduced into the cells by prior information about genes and then is doubled these genes using a chain reaction of polymers.
2 - enter or download then desired gene in a suitable carrier such as a plasmid. You can also use other pregnant women such as pregnant women or viral Allibozzom.
3 - the introduction of an pregnant woman in the cells of the organism to be modified. And are, inter alia, the DNA gun.
4 - Isolation and separation of cells or organisms that genetically modified successfully from natural. And are in many ways, including: the use of the DNA probe for the investigation of gene entrance or by using the parameters for the investigation of discriminatory status resistance found with a pregnant woman and be distinctive resistant to a particular trait as teachers discriminatory gain resistance to the antibiotic given


processing genes: (Genen Therapy):

is the process of introducingn healthy genes into cells to correct gene work of others in order to effectively treat the disease. Scientists believe that gene therapy may be an effective way to treat a variety of genetic diseases resulting from the corruption of one such gene, such as thalassemia, haemophilia, sickle cell anemia, cystic fibrosis and other diseases.
returns the first experiment ton use gene therapy to the year 1990 when the two doctors Vrnc Anderson and Michael Blaz trying to treat a child infected with severe combined immunodeficiency is the introduction of gene competent to strengthen the immune system in the human body. Met with partial success of the experiment where treatment was able to strengthen the immune system of the girl child by 40%.

Some cases of gene therapy:

established a number of humann diseases as a result of the failure of some cells in the manufacture of certain proteins such as the failure of some cells of the islets of Langerhans in the pancreas gland in the manufacture of the hormone insulin, which give rise to diabetes. In this case, scientists can produce large amounts of insulin in the "factories" bacteria and that by linking insulin gene from human cells in plasmids of Escherichia coli bacteria cells. In this way, produce large amounts of insulin for the treatment of patients with diabetes in humans.
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scientists were able in 1896 ton produce a vaccine against hepatitis B through genetic engineering in yeast cells enter the gene of hepatitis B virus has enabled the production of protein that the virus. The injection causes the protein to stimulate their immune system to produce antibodies to the virus to protect them from disease caused by it. The researchers were also able to produce proteins active Alontervronat protect healthy cells of the body from infection by viruses. This produces Alontervronat cells bacteria Escherichia coli by genetic engineering. Has been tested to be effective in many diseases.



Treatment of Hemophilia genetically

known hemophilia a disease ofn "blood thinners"
Geneticists have been able to help patients with hemophilia by gene therapy through the following:
1 - Contact Person isolate human gene for blood clotting cells of the human sound
2 - enter in the bar gene (DNA) with bacteria and then bacteria to produce the corresponding protein of the gene (red crescent shapes)
3 - get doctors on proper protein from bacteria and Ihaknoh

The geneticists isolated then human gene
Responsible for the clotting of the blood (DNA) in the human body
recognize it and then sign itn to become active in a cell and then placed in a cell of breast cells that produce all the proteins in the milk they produce this protein is also secreted milk.
is then purified this proteinn from sheep's milk and injected in the blood of patients with hemophilia for the treatment of naturally
or that injected this gene inton a fertilized egg from the sheep and then goes to the bar of the gene (DNA) is located in all the cells of the sheep embryo, whereupon these cells produce the protein in addition to the human proteins will be produced when the sheep and sheep milk Sievers this protein with human milk

is then purified this proteinn from sheep's milk and injected in the blood of patients with hemophilia for the treatment of naturally

Treatment of infertility genetically
Scientists from the city of Newcastle in Britain, they achieved a "breakthrough" that could lead to new treatments for infertility in men through them to reach the production of sperm cells taken from human embryonic stem cells.
Professor Nayernia, a professor at the University of Newcastle, said that his team successfully developed an innovative way to produce sperm in their early stages, and through handling of stem cells, they took away from human embryos and use of retinoic acid, a derivative of vitamin "A" Stem cells are master cells that make up the embryos prior to specialize by members of the body.

The Breakthrough Scientificn true, as Professor Nayernia, came when they discovered that some cells had continued the process of growth, where it has swell and began to grow her whip help movement and the formation of sperm cells can be distinguished easily, and sperm cells that were produced were taken from stem cells of an embryo MALE only five days old.
Remember the reports of storiesn about this breakthrough, "It is an extraordinary development, it was some years ago belongs to the world of science fiction, reinforcing expectations of men who suffer from infertility, and who may be able one day to be biological parents to their children."


Treatment of thalassemia
The disease Thalasemia -n especially in severe cases - from killer diseases. Since it is transmitted disease from parent to children, there is no effective treatment has only a replacement of blood to treat the symptoms Kdiq self and an enlarged liver and spleen, and general weakness and emaciation. The estimated number of newborns who have the disease, 300,000 births a year worldwide. Scientists at the University of North Carolina from creating a new and promising for the treatment of disease.
The new treatment uses a methodn called my father that any inverted - the use of a mirror image of the DNA acid nuclear normal to prevent defective parts from hemoglobin Thalasemia of work has allowed the use of new treatment for patients who tested them formation of hemoglobin normally.


The treatment of cancer genetically in China:
works for the Chinese genen therapy of cancer cases on the introduction of a gene called «My 5» within the virus, then injected the virus inside the bodies of patients advanced cases of cancer.
This gene is located inside then cells of living human body, but unfortunately either disabled from work, due to the impact of various factors is no need to dwell on the explanation, or because it was the type of mutation that eliminates its effectiveness in patients with cancer.
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Chinese doctors and trying ton do by injecting the gene into the body, is exactly the reintroduction of this gene type «B 53» within the nucleus of cancer cells. And that is a gene within the cell until the active process of suicide cell cancer of those, ie, that the Chinese are over and will devour the therapeutic gene of this deployment incentives drive cancer cells towards committing suicide, because this gene is working on re-programming «lifetime cancer cell» and, therefore, presence within the tumor cell accelerates the urge to kill herself


Treat baldness genetically:
This event is of the utmostn importance in treating baldness and re-grow hair. Vlgaip now we have no methods or multiple methods to solve the problem of baldness, but there is no two ways:
The first is to replant the hair of the person concerned, any transfer of an area of thick hair of the head to the region to the lost hair, and the possibilities offered by this method is very limited.
The second method, it re-hairn transplantation through scientific techniques are complex and very sophisticated, but the hair, which we grow here is not felt the same person, and therefore this process is not normal.
The new technology reached byn the newly Science, which Lahi revolution in this field, is the result of long years of research conducted at the level of so-called basic cells Cellules Souches
Through these experiments, it was observed that the roots of the hair cells contain an original that can proliferate and can be reproduced and, more recently come to discover that if those cells were saved and planted in an appropriate laboratory environment, can be multiplied by 150 cells per one cell.
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This means that we if we can extract the original cell and one of the roots of the hair, we can clone them in vitro cell identical to the 150 completely, we re-planted in the affected area bald.
So that we can re-implant the hair in a natural way exclusive, and after just four weeks to re-implant the stem cells grow hair normally.
This technique ensures grown hair a final and lasting, and more are included to get the lyrics in the same nature and intensity that it was in before the fall, because the stem cells extracted from the same person, and re-planted in the affected area, hair loss, the result is 100% natural, they are re- production of real hair of the person concerned. To get results, safe and secure, is to work in safe conditions of scientific
Conditions were good scientific to extract the stem cells of the hair, and re-produced or reproduced laboratory and then re-implanted are important conditions to ensure a satisfactory outcome is very ... Needs, which has undergone the process of transplantation to any special attention. This Altgueniptaid real hair grow naturally, so the person will not be needed only to traditional care, which attaches to the natural hair.
References: www.accessn excellence.org


Tobacco plant in our

It is known that plants Alhevryn understanding of genes and genetic Flme put genes in the cells of tobacco plants to produce proteins that make human antibodies used by the immune cells in the body to fight bacteria and germs and toxins and the union with neutralizing
after the introduction of genesn are modified tobacco plant Propagating and planting seedlings and protein extraction is required to
Reference: Journal of explorersn Almicroskobion "genius gene" Cairo Sunrise House

Genome Project Space
The space shuttle Discovery carrying a number of pharmacological and genetic laboratories, which examine the possibility of creating new drugs using genetic engineering techniques, but in the circumstances of the space outside the Earth's atmosphere, benefiting the conditions of hygiene and lack of gravity.
is being studied then possibility of producing parts of the genes within the cell in space can then remove the manifestations of aging since the causes of human infection diseases of aging is due to the contradiction (Altolimrat) is an installation carrier of the gene in the nuclei of cells on the end of chromosomes, which tend to the gradual erosion with age as well as the parts of the genetic material carrying the blades and is responsible for managing the affairs of the cell and that with repeated division. This continues to decline until it reaches to a certain extent, lose her ability to divide and produce more of the DNA so scientists are now trying to stop the decline Altolimrat and slow erosion through the use of space techniques to stimulate the ability of cells to divide and renew vitality.

treatment of chronic diseasesn lies in the establishment of cell cultures grown in outer space, away from the Earth's gravity and it is not unlikely that it becomes possible to develop full members in the space station for use in organ transplantation, especially as these cells grow in a way closer to the way of natural growth within the human body and cause so that the cells in the absence of weight as not to harm when they hit each other or with the wall of the reactor during the stir the mixture to provide the cellular oxygen, this method has been successful in the production of normal lung tissue and cartilage and small intestine.
References: By Prof. Dr. Wagdyn Abdel Fattah coast
editor of the internationaln chain for Genetic Engineering and Biotechnology



Human Genome Project
biotechnology amounted to an peak at the end of the last century when it was reached to find out the installation genetic map of the human person as the world entered the so-called genomic era
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scientists announced on Monday,n May 26, 2000 for details of the genetic map of the human being or what is known as "The Human Genome Project", a unique scientific event; pay both U.S. President Bill Clinton and British Prime Minister Tony Blair to participate in the announcement.
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a project that began in Octobern 1990 and was completed in 2000, and the result was the discovery of all human genes (80 thousand to 100 thousand) and identify the relay in full all the 3 billion pairs of nitrogenous bases, and has called the scientists century atheist and the twenty-century diversity for the discovery of importance.
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It is expected to contribute ton decoding the genetic code and knowledge of genetic sequence in the treatment of many diseases such as cancer, diabetes and some heart diseases, as well as some diseases that affect the brain such as Alzheimer's disease, and the evidence on that is detected 20% of the letters genome resulted in a timely manner to the manufacture of Nearly 100 different drug treatment for many diseases arising from defects in the genes during the past twenty years.
References: d.n Amjad Khalilostaz Associate Alveziaclep Science / King Fahd University of Petroleum and Minerals

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كنان برجيه06-11-2010, 11:22 PM
summed up the harm caused byn the genetic modification as follows

may cause distortions becausen of the accuracy of the cells and he intends and the issuance of cells harmful to humans without knowing that only after the damage occurred
Tampering Kalastnsak human cells, leading to the presence of a human being out without a specific
that the new strains of livingn creatures and the resulting genetic engineering could pose a threat to the vital balance in the ground

or be the cause in then transmission of certain serious diseases to humans if they were planted by members of the genetically modified animal,

As the plants and modified foodn Rathiaked pose a threat to human health ..

as well as the difficulty ofn predicting the results of experiments conducted in the field of genetic engineering and its impact on future generations, although such experiments is simple for the time being, but it could threaten human freedom and existence in the future as it seeks to control the genes of human and control means it will Tsitrp his will may threaten human existence ..
n
One important question that should be paying attention to is that the errors that may result from genetic engineering are the mistakes that can not be corrected if there were, and this calls for more caution and prudence before the experiments in this field because it may produce strains of the creatures hazardous Kjerathim, viruses and other deployed in the environment and can not after therefore eliminated.

Beware of the production of superior strains of human qualities of extraordinary what we see in science fiction films which disrupts the composition and membership of social and psychological view of humanity and the need to avoid experiences that lead to mixing of lineages
Emerged disease were not taken into account, the threat of monopoly and control the giant companies in the world and factor genetic experiments in people's food borne visible, and became a lot of people are buying their requirements from markets and shopping centers feel something of fear and feel cassette Ilazmanm that they are buying killed themselves.
n
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- war genes:n
not only human beings, whichn mutate and become pathogenic, but is looking for industrial methods for the synthesis of new pathogens. Vengp gene science modern double-edged sword: as can be used in many useful areas of the human person can be used to destroy life on this planet, where they are Krtunp genes, and the vaccination of these genes in the crew Genetic bacteria where inherited this staff nurse for generations resulting from the split.

Advantages of genetic modification
aspects of the positive aspectsn of ethical genetic engineering applications, including helping to resolve legal problems with regard to paternity of children disputed them by their parents as it was found that the genetic techniques developed give the evidence required to solve such problems, the necessary require attention to what can be caused by advanced techniques of life in various forms.
treatment of many diseases thatn were incurable and lethality of humanity for decades
produce enough food, achievingn food security factors


Biotechnology in the Arab World
spare the Arab world games inn the field of genetic engineering in particular and distinct in the agricultural field, there are many apartment vegetation of the Center's research and Uadd Alzerain Arabs of engineers and biologists who have developed varieties and they attained their name