الرئيسية
أمس في 11:30 am من طرف amira333
السلام عليكم ورحمة الله وبركاته
الاخوان في الزراعة اليوم ,
هذا كتاب اسمه
Integrated Management and Biocontrol of Vegetable and Grain Crops Nematodes
وهو كتاب ممتاز عن المكافحة المتكاملة و الحيوية للنيماتودا التي تصيب النيماتودا الضارة للمحاصيل الخضرية و الحقلية و بحجم 9 mega باللغة الانجليزية
هنا.jpg
لتحميل الكتاب اضغط على الرابط ....... هنا
حبيت اضيف لكم الفهرس في الكتاب حتى يكون القارىء على اطلاع :
CONTENTS
Contributors xiii
Preface xv
SECTION 1 - Nematodes in Biological Control
1 Biological control potentials of predatory nematodes
Anwar L. Bilgrami
3
1. Introduction 3
2. Biological control attributes 5
2.1. Prey capturing and feeding abilities 6
2.2. Prey resistance and susceptibility to predation 9
2.3. Prey preference 9
2.4. Ecology 10
2.5. Culture 13
2.6. Conservation 15
3. Biological control potentials 15
3.1. Biocontrol potential of mononchs 16
3.2. Biocontrol potential of dorylaim and nygolaim predators 19
3.3. Biocontrol potential of diplogasterid predators 22
4. Future prospects 23
References 24
2 Integration of biological control with other methods of
nematode management
Leopoldo Hildalgo-Diaz and Brian R. Kerry
29
1. Introduction 29
2. Methods to reduce nematode populations 31
2.1. Crop rotation 31
2.2. Antagonistic crops 33
2.3 Resistant cultivars 33
2.4. Soil solarization 35
2.5. Biofumigation 36
2.6. Nematicides 36
3. Methods to increase microbial abundance and/or activity 39
3.1. Organic amendments, green manures and companion crops 39
4. The combined use of biological control agents 42
5. Future approaches 42
5.1. Use of genes from natural enemies 42
5.2. Improved formulations and application methods 43
References 44
ii
vi CONTENTS
3 Mode of action and interactions of nematophagous fungi
L. V. Lopez-Llorca, J. G. Maciá-Vicente and H-B. Jansson
51
1. Introduction 51
2. Nematophagous fungi 52
2.1. Biology 52
2.2. Taxonomy and phylogeny 52
2.3. Fungal parasites of invertebrates 55
3. Mode of action 57
3.1. Recognition: chemotaxis and adhesion 57
3.2. Signalling and differentiation 60
3.3. Penetration of nematode cuticles and eggshells 60
3.4. Fungal pathogen genomics and proteomics 62
4. Soil and rhizosphere environment 63
4.1. Activities in soil 63
4.2. Nematophagous fungi as root endophytes 65
4.3. Rhizosphere dynamics and biocontrol 67
4.4. Root exudates 69
4.5. Detection and quantification 70
5. Nematophagous fungi and biocontrol 70
6. Conclusions 71
References 71
SECTION 2 - Crops Ecology and Control
4 Control and management of plant parasitic nematode
communities in a soil conservation approach
Thierry Mateille, P. Cadet and M. Fargette
79
1. Introduction 79
1.1 Soil fertility and plant-parasitic nematodes 79
1.2. Nematode specificities 80
2. Plant-nematode interactions 81
2.1. Host plants quality 81
2.2. Plant-nematode compatibility 84
2.3. Resistance to nematodes 84
3. Prey-predator interactions 86
3.1. Diversity of antagonists and parasitism 86
3.2. Nematode-antagonists specificity 87
3.3. Obligate multitrophic relationships 89
4. Ecology and management of nematode communities 89
4.1. Soil health approach 89
4.2. New paradigms for nematode management 90
4.3. Proposed approaches 92
5. Conclusions 93
References 94
CONTENTS vii
J. Franco and G. Main
99
1. Introduction 99
2. Andean tuber crops 100
2.1. Oca (Oxalis tuberosa Molina) 101
2.2. Mashwa or isaño, añu (Tropaeolum tuberosum Ruíz &
Pavón)
101
2.3. Ullucu or papalisa, lisa (Ullucus tuberosus Lozano) 101
2.4. Andean grain crops 101
2.4.1. Quinoa (Chenopodium quinoa) 102
2.4.2. Lupine or tarwi (Lupinus mutabilis Sweet) 102
3. Most important nematodes in tuber and grain crops 103
3.1. Potato cyst nematodes 103
3.2. Potato rosary nematode 104
3.3. Nematodes of oca 105
4. Pathogenic relationships 108
5. Integrated management of tuber and grain nematodes 115
References 116
6 IPM of soybean cyst nematode in the USA
Gregory R. Noel
119
1. Introduction 119
2. Conclusions 125
References 125
7 The soybean cyst nematode Heterodera glycines Ichinohe,
1952 in Argentina
Marcelo E. Doucet, Paola Lax and Norma Coronel
127
1. Introduction 127
2. Heterodera glycines 128
3. Life cycle 132
4. Populations and races 132
5. Host-nematode relationships 133
5.1. Histological alterations 133
5.2. Response of cultivars to the attack of SCN 137
5.3. Relationship of scn with the environment 139
6. Losses 139
7. Management 140
7.1. Early nematode detection 140
7.2. Identification of races 141
7.3. Chemical control 141
7.4. Crop rotation 141
7.5. Preventive measures against cyst dispersal 142
5 Management of nematodes of Andean tuber and grain crops
viii CONTENTS
8. Conclusions 143
References 144
8 Nematode management in cotton
A. F. Robinson
149
1. Introduction 149
2. Geographical distribution and economic impact 150
3. Symptomology 151
3.1. Meloidogyne spp. 151
3.2. Rotylenchulus reniformis 152
3.3. Hoplolaimus columbus 153
3.4. Belonolaimus longicaudatus 153
4. Biology and epidemiology 153
4.1. Meloidogyne incognita and M. acronea 153
4.1.1. Life cycle 153
4.1.2. Interactions 154
4.1.3. Genetic variability 155
4.2. Rotylenchulus reniformis 155
4.2.1. Life cycle 155
4.2.2. Interactions 156
4.2.3. Genetic variability 157
4.3. Hoplolaimus columbus 157
4.4. Belonolaimus longicaudatus 157
5. Management 157
5.1. Sampling and economic thresholds 157
5.1.1. Meloidogyne incognita 157
5.1.2. Rotylenchulus reniformis 159
5.1.3. Hoplolaimus columbus 159
5.1.4. Belonolaimus longicaudatus 159
5.2. Control 159
5.2.1. Natural physical factors 159
5.2.2. Nematicides 160
5.2.2.1. Conventional nematicides 160
5.2.2.2. Novel nematicides 162
5.2.2.3. Yield potential recoverable with nematicides 162
5.2.3. Biological control 163
5.2.4. Cultural control 164
5.2.5. Crop Rotation 164
5.2.6. Sanitation/weed management 165
5.3. Genetic resistance to nematodes in cotton 166
5.3.1. Terminology 166
5.3.2. Resistance and tolerance mechanisms 167
CONTENTS ix
5.3.3. Resistant and tolerant cultivars and resistance sources 167
5.3.3.1. M. incognita 167
5.3.3.2. R. reniformis 170
5.3.3.3. H. columbus and B. longicaudatus 171
References 172
SECTION 3 - Technological Advances in Sustainable
Management
9 The potential of RNA interference for the management of
phytoparasitic nematodes
Catherine J. Lilley, Wayne L. Charlton, Manjula Bakhetia and
Peter E. Urwin
185
1. Introduction 185
2. Current control measures 186
2.1. Potential for biotechnological control of plant parasitic
nematodes
187
2.2. The RNAi mechanism 187
3. The mechanism of RNAi in nematodes 188
3.1. Plant parasitic nematodes RNAi 190
3.1.1. Uptake of dsRNA 191
3.2. Comparative observation of reported strategies 192
3.3. Observation of phenotype 193
4. In planta delivery of dsRNA to target genes of plant parasitic
nematodes
194
4.1. The feeding strategy of sedentary endoparasitic nematodes 195
4.2. In planta RNAi as a biotechnological strategy 197
4.3. Future prospects for RNAi-based control of plant parasitic
nematodes
198
References 199
10 Potential use of Pasteuria spp. in the management of plant
parasitic nematodes
S. Gowen, K. G. Davies and B. Pembroke
205
1. Introduction 205
2. Recognising Pasteuria 206
2.1. Life cycle and development 206
2.2. Morphology 207
2.3. Traditional and molecular taxonomy 208
2.4. DNA Approaches 209
2.5. Host range 210
x CONTENTS
3. Mass production 211
3.1. In vitro culture 211
3.2. In vivo culture 211
3.3. Distribution in natural systems 212
3.3.1. Finding Pasteuria 213
4. Pasteuria association with nematode suppressive soils 214
4.1. Biological and ecological features of Pasteuria penetrans 215
5. Conclusions 215
References 216
11 Sustainable methods for management of cyst nematodes
Giovanna Curto
221
1. Introduction 221
2. Sugar beet cyst nematode in Northern Italy 222
3. Heterodera schachtii biocontrol in Northern Italy 223
3.1. Chemical and agronomic control 223
3.2. Biological control 225
3.2.1. Brassicaceae nematicidal intercrops 225
3.2.2. Application of Heterodera schachtii biocontrol in
Northern Italy
226
3.2.3. Nematicidal plant species in Heterodera schachtii
control
227
3.2.4. Management of nematicidal intercrops in Northern Italy 229
3.2.5. Promotion of Heterodera schachtii biocontrol in
Northern Italy
231
3.2.6. Resistance and tolerance 232
4. Outlook of biocontrol in Northern Italy 233
References 235
12 - Biofumigation to manage plant-parasitic nematodes
Antoon Ploeg
239
1. Introduction 239
2. Brassica biofumigation mechanism 240
3. Studies involving nematodes 241
3.1. Root-knot nematodes 241
3.2. Other nematode groups 243
4. Non-brassica biofumigation 244
5. Conclusions and outlook 245
References 245
CONTENTS xi
SECTION 4 - Data Analysis and Knowledge-based
Applications
13 Global knowledge and its application for the integrated
control and management of nematodes on wheat
Julie M. Nicol and Roger Rivoal
251
1. Introduction 251
1.1. Importance of cereals and wheat in the world 251
2. Distribution of cereal nematodes, species and pathotypes 252
2.1. Cereal cyst nematode 252
2.2. Root lesion nematodes 255
2.3. Other cereal nematodes - root knot, stem and seed gall 255
2.4. Other nematodes 257
3. Life cycle, symptoms of damage and yield loss 258
3.1. Cereal cyst nematode 258
3.2. Root lesion nematodes 262
3.3. Other cereal nematodes - root knot, stem and seed gall 264
3.3.1. Root knot nematodes 264
3.3.2. Stem nematode 266
3.3.3. Gall nematode 267
4. Integrated control of cereal nematodes 269
4.1. Cereal cyst nematode 271
4.1.1. Chemical 271
4.1.2. Cultural practices 271
4.1.2.1. Grass free rotations and fallowing with cultivation 271
4.1.2.2. Irrigation 272
4.1.2.3. Time of sowing 272
4.1.2.4. Trap and mixed cropping 272
4.1.2.5. Organic amendments and inorganic fertilizers 273
4.1.3. Resistance (and tolerance) 273
4.1.4. Biological control 275
4.1.5. True IPM investigations 277
4.2. Root lesion nematode 277
4.2.1. Chemical 277
4.2.2. Cultural practices 277
4.2.2.1. Crop rotation and cultivation 277
4.2.2.2. Time of sowing 278
4.2.2.3. Other cultural practices 278
4.2.3. Resistance (and tolerance) 278
4.2.4. Biological control 279
4.2.5. True IPM Investigations 279
4.3. Other cereal nematodes - root knot, stem and seed gall 279
4.3.1. Chemical 279
xii CONTENTS
4.3.2. Cultural practices 280
4.3.2.1. Grass free rotations and fallowing with
cultivation
280
4.3.2.2. Seed hygiene 280
4.3.3. Resistance and tolerance 281
4.3.4. Biological control 281
4.3.5. True IPM investigations 282
5. Conclusions 282
References 283
14 Integrated management of root-knot nematodes in
mediterranean horticultural crops
C. Ornat and F. J. Sorribas
295
1. Introduction 295
2. Meloidogyne 297
2.1. Symptoms 297
2.2. Biology and ecology 299
2.3. Yield losses of economic importance 300
3. Root-knot nematodes management 301
3.1. Plant resistance 302
3.2. Heat 304
3.3. Soil-less cultivation 305
3.4. Crop rotation 305
3.5. Trap crops 306
3.6. Fallowing and tillage 306
3.7. Biological 308
3.8. Biofumigation 308
3.9. Chemical 309
4. Tools for decision in integrated pest management
4.1. Management of Meloidogyne javanica with rotation in
plastic houses in Northeastern Spain: an example
309
310
References 312
15 Modeling nematodes regulation by bacterial endoparasites
Aurelio Ciancio
321
1. Introduction 321
2. Nematode parasitic bacteria 322
3. Modeling nematodes regulation 325
3.1. Lotka-Volterra model (LV) 326
3.2. Anderson and May Model G 328
3.3. Modeling Pasteuria 330
4. Experimental and practical issues 332
5. Conclusions 333 References 334
Index 339
وارجو من الله لكم اتم الفائدة